Personal Memoirs Of Ulysses S. Grant Discussion Questions

1. Who was Mathew Grant and what is his significance in Ulysses S. Grant's family history?

Mathew Grant was the founder of the Grant family branch in America, arriving in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in May 1630. His significance is profound as he represents the beginning of Ulysses S. Grant's ancestry in America. Mathew served as a surveyor for Windsor, Connecticut, for over forty years and was also a town clerk. His descendants, including Ulysses S. Grant, are proud of their lineage tracing back to him, establishing a deep-rooted American heritage.

2. What challenges did Ulysses S. Grant's father, Jesse R. Grant, face in his early life and career?

Jesse R. Grant faced considerable challenges in his early life, including the loss of his parents and limited educational opportunities. After the death of his second wife, Jesse struggled financially, having to move in with relatives. He was raised in fairly difficult circumstances, yet he was industrious and managed to establish a career as a tanner. His commitment to the education of his children, despite his limited formal schooling, showcases his desire to provide better opportunities for them than he had.

3. What was Ulysses S. Grant’s experience with education during his boyhood?

Ulysses S. Grant had a limited educational experience during his youth, primarily attending subscription schools where teaching was often informal and unstructured. He attended school for only a few months at a time and felt that he did not make substantial academic progress compared to the outlay for tuition. However, his thirst for knowledge was intense, and he managed to educate himself through extensive reading, quickly grasping what he could from available materials, particularly books he borrowed from neighbors. His father encouraged his education despite their family's modest means.

4. How did Ulysses S. Grant view labor and work during his early life?

Grant expressed a complex relationship with labor in his early life; while he participated in significant physical work helping his father in the tanning business and on their family farm, he admitted to detesting certain aspects of the work, particularly the tanning trade itself. However, he found enjoyment in agricultural tasks and working with horses. He balanced his labor with leisure activities and educational pursuits, illustrating his understanding of the necessity of hard work while also valuing time for personal enjoyment.

5. What was the nature of Ulysses S. Grant’s family life as he grew up in Georgetown?

Ulysses S. Grant enjoyed a fairly stable family life growing up in Georgetown. His parents maintained a nurturing environment that allowed for rational enjoyments like swimming, visiting relatives, and exploring nature, without imposing harsh discipline. This lenient upbringing fostered a sense of independence and responsibility in him. Despite the challenges they faced, his family emphasized the importance of education and hard work, establishing a foundation of values that influenced Grant throughout his life.

1. What were the political dynamics surrounding General Scott's command during the Mexican-American War as described in this chapter?

General Scott, a Whig and a professional soldier, was appointed to command the American forces in the Mexican-American War despite the Democratic administration's attempts to undermine him due to political rivalries. President Polk's administration was vested in political calculations, fearing that if Scott, known for his military aspirations, succeeded, his popularity might undermine the Democratic Party's grip on power. This led to tensions, such as Polk denying Scott's operational plans and eventually sending him to Mexico with only half the promised troop strength. Moreover, Polk attempted to appoint other generals who were politically aligned to him to dilute Scott's influence and maintain control over the campaign.

2. What were the strategic steps taken by General Scott during the landing at Veracruz?

Upon arriving in Mexico, Scott orchestrated a tactical landing at Veracruz where approximately 10,000 troops were brought ashore after a largely uneventful voyage. The landing occurred three miles south of the city due to the shallow waters, requiring the use of lighters and surf boats. Despite some skirmishes and a single casualty, the army efficiently established a beachhead, set up encampments, and prepared for the siege of Veracruz, showcasing excellent logistical planning despite the limitations faced.

3. How did the siege of Veracruz progress, and what were the outcomes for American and Mexican forces?

The siege of Veracruz began with the establishment of American encampments and artillery positions. By March 27, after days of intensive bombardment and investment, significant breaches were made in the city’s defenses. Mexican Governor Morales began negotiations for surrender due to the heavy pressure from Scott's forces. On March 29, the American troops entered Veracruz, capturing roughly 5,000 Mexican troops and 400 pieces of artillery along with an array of ammunition, while American casualties reportedly numbered only 64, thus marking a decisive victory and a critical point in the campaign.

4. What was Grant's view on the political implications and the military operations during the Mexican-American War?

Grant emphasized the political intrigue that marred military efficacy during the war. He noted that the administration's manipulation of military command to favor political loyalty over military competence significantly impacted the conduct and execution of military operations. His reflections indicate a belief that the interference and shallow political motivations highly compromised the effectiveness of the American military strategy, resulting in complicated dynamics between military leaders that detracted from overall success in the war.

5. How did Grant depict his immediate superior officers and their leadership styles during the campaign?

Grant characterized General Scott's leadership as methodical and strategic, contrasting it with that of General Taylor, who was seen as more practical and equipped to handle emergent situations without strict adherence to protocol. Scott was portrayed as more formal and reliant on staff, while Taylor was direct and hands-on in his approach. Despite their differences in style, both were respected commanders whose experiences and tactics shaped the outcomes of significant battles. Grant's observations serve to illustrate the complexities of leadership in wartime and the varied personal styles that influence command.

1. What were the perceived advantages of the Southern officers over their Northern counterparts at the beginning of the Civil War, as described by Ulysses S. Grant in this chapter?

U.S. Grant observed that many of the Southern officers had received military education from established institutions, which gave them a significant edge. He noted that approximately 30 to 40% of the officer corps in the Confederate army consisted of trained military professionals, while many Northern officers did not hold positions of command despite being educated. This distribution of trained officers contributed to a more effective leadership in the Confederate army at the onset of hostilities.

2. What military strategy did Grant propose concerning the regular army during his time at Cairo?

Grant suggested that the government should disband the regular army, except for the staff corps, and inform the officers that they would receive no compensation during the war unless they served as volunteers. Grant believed this would allow military education and training to be more effectively distributed throughout the volunteers, enhancing the overall effectiveness of the Union forces.

3. Describe the significance of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson as mentioned in this chapter and their strategic importance during the Civil War.

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson were key military points for both the Confederacy and the Union. Control of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River was crucial because it opened a navigable route for Union forces deep into Southern territory, allowing for advances toward Muscle Shoals in Alabama and threatening transportation lines like the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Similarly, Fort Donelson was pivotal as it guarded access to Nashville and had the potential to secure the surrounding region for further military operations, thus holding great military and political significance.

4. What were the challenges faced by Grant's troops during the reconnaissance mission before the assault on Fort Henry?

During the reconnaissance mission that Grant ordered in January 1862, the Union troops faced severe weather conditions with heavy snow and rain, which created muddy and impassable roads. This harsh weather led to significant discomfort and suffering among the men, many of whom were unprepared for such conditions, resulting in complaints and the loss of morale. Despite these challenges, the mission was considered a success as it prevented the Confederates from sending reinforcements to Bowling Green.

5. What was the outcome of the Battle of Fort Henry, and what did Grant ultimately achieve from this victory?

The Battle of Fort Henry, fought on February 6, 1862, was a decisive victory for Grant's forces. The fort's garrison, outnumbered and outmaneuvered, surrendered quickly. Grant's capture of Fort Henry opened navigation on the Tennessee River to Union forces, effectively giving them critical access to the interior of the Confederacy and initiating further successful military actions, including the advance towards Fort Donelson, which was the next target.

1. What key events took place regarding Ulysses S. Grant’s communication with General Sherman during the campaign outlined in Chapter 4?

During the campaign detailed in Chapter 4 of Grant's memoirs, communication with General Sherman was significantly hindered. Grant was cut off from much of his command when his communications north were interrupted by enemy action. As a result, Sherman, who had moved from Memphis towards Vicksburg, was unaware of Grant's situation and the need for coordination. This lack of communication led to an unfortunate attack by Sherman at Vicksburg, which was unsuccessful due to the enemy's strong defensive positions. After the attack, Grant expressed regret at not being able to communicate with Sherman, especially after enemy forces had regained control before Sherman's forces could advance.

2. What was the significance of the operations at Arkansas Post, and how did it play into the larger context of the campaign?

The operations at Arkansas Post were significant because they resulted in the capture of a Confederate garrison of approximately 5,000 troops and 17 artillery pieces. Initially, Grant was ambivalent about this attack, viewing it as a side movement not directly tied to the campaign at Vicksburg. However, the capture of this stronghold turned out to be crucial, as it removed a potential threat from the rear and contributed to the Union's strategic advantage in the region. This victory also demonstrated the military effectiveness of coordinated efforts between the army and navy, showcasing the operational capabilities of the Union forces.

3. Describe General McClernand’s role and the tension between him and Grant during the Vicksburg campaign as depicted in this chapter.

General McClernand was assigned to command part of the forces under Sherman, specifically in the efforts against Vicksburg. His relationship with Grant was characterized by tension and insubordination, particularly when he challenged Grant's decisions regarding command. After the successful engagement at Arkansas Post, McClernand's demands for recognition and his perception that he should receive greater credit for the successes were noted. When Grant assumed command directly at Young’s Point, McClernand expressed his grievances in a manner considered insubordinate, yet Grant chose to overlook it for the good of the service, acknowledging McClernand’s political background and importance to maintaining troop morale.

4. What were some obstacles that Grant faced in the siege and investment of Vicksburg mentioned in Chapter 4?

Grant faced numerous obstacles during the siege of Vicksburg. The terrain presented significant challenges, as the Mississippi River's meandering course and the subsequent flooding created difficulties in transportation and supply lines for his troops. Additionally, the enemy's well-fortified positions on high bluffs along the Yazoo River made direct attacks unfeasible, forcing Grant to seek alternative strategies for securing a base of operations. Troops were demoralized due to the weather conditions, sickness, and high water levels, making the situation increasingly precarious. The political implications and pressures from northern newspapers criticizing his progress added to Grant's challenges, as he felt the weight of public perception and the expectation for a decisive victory.

5. What underlying themes can be identified in Grant's command decisions during this chapter and how did they reflect on his leadership style?

Underlying themes in Grant's command decisions during this chapter include resilience, determination to achieve victory, and the strategic shifting of plans in response to evolving circumstances. Grant's refusal to retreat, despite overwhelming difficulties, reflects his leadership style aimed at maintaining momentum and morale among his troops at a time when public sentiment was wavering. He prioritized decisive victory to counter the despondency permeating northern society over the ongoing war. His focus on adapting plans based on available resources and situations—moving from Memphis, utilizing limited means to establish supply routes, engaging in tactical battles while maintaining overarching goals—demonstrates his ability to balance strategic foresight with pragmatism in the face of adversity.

1. What strategic decisions did Grant make upon assuming command at Chattanooga, and how did these impact the Union Army?

Upon assuming command at Chattanooga, Ulysses S. Grant focused on establishing a reliable line of supply to feed the besieged Army of the Cumberland. He issued orders for the opening of a supply route, nicknamed the "cracker line," which became crucial for delivering much-needed provisions to the troops who had been on short rations. This move not only alleviated the immediate suffering of the soldiers but also restored their morale significantly. Grant's inspection of the area's fortifications and the organization of troop movements to improve their positions contributed to the eventual success of Union operations in the region.

2. Describe the military maneuvers that led to the Battle of Wauhatchie. What objectives did Grant set for his forces?

In preparation for the Battle of Wauhatchie, Grant orchestrated a strategic movement involving multiple divisions. He ordered General Hooker to cross to the south side of the Tennessee River and advance along the back roads to Brown's Ferry, while Palmer's division was to move down the north side and secure the route in Hooker's rear. Meanwhile, General Smith was tasked with directly securing the position at Brown's Ferry under the cover of night. The main objective was to surprise and gain control of the enemy’s pickets at Brown's Ferry, ensuring safe passage for supplies and reinforcing the Union's logistical capabilities.

3. What were the outcomes of the Battle of Wauhatchie, specifically concerning casualties and strategic advantages gained by the Union forces?

The Battle of Wauhatchie resulted in a tactical victory for the Union forces. Union casualties totaled 416 killed and wounded, while Confederate losses were estimated at over 150 dead and more than 100 captured. Following the battle, the Union secured control over Lookout Valley, which allowed them to maintain an open supply line from Bridgeport to Chattanooga. This victory was critical in consolidating Union forces and ensuring that supplies could flow freely into Chattanooga, thereby significantly boosting the morale and operational capacity of Grant's Army.

4. How did Grant evaluate the effect of the siege and the subsequent reopening of supply lines on the morale of the Army of the Cumberland?

Grant noted a dramatic improvement in the morale of the Army of the Cumberland following the reopening of supply lines. The soldiers, who had endured severe hardships during the siege, were now receiving full rations, which led to visible rejuvenation in their physical and mental states. Grant observed that the weak and languid appearances previously present had vanished, replaced by a more cheerful and vigorous demeanor among both officers and enlisted men. This shift was crucial in transforming their outlook on the war effort, as they no longer saw themselves as doomed but rather invigorated by renewed support.

5. Discuss the implications of Grant’s reflection on the war’s impact on the South compared to the North. What were his views on the consequences of the defeat of the Confederacy?

In his memoirs, Grant reflected on the idea that the defeat of the South could ultimately benefit its people, despite the immediate costs. He argued that the Southern states were burdened by an institution (slavery) that was detrimental to their progress and societal development. He believed that the North was more likely to build a prosperous nation following the war, while the South, mired in a degrading system of labor, would only continue to suffer. Grant posited that the war's conclusion was necessary not only for the preservation of the Union but also for the southern states to eventually regain their strength and prosperity, emphasizing that societal progress would require the end of slavery.

1. What was the main objective of the Army of the Potomac in the campaign discussed in Chapter 6?

The main objective of the Army of the Potomac in the campaign was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and defeat the Confederate army defending it. This campaign began with the crossing of the Rapidan River and was marked by significant battles, particularly in the Wilderness.

2. What preparations did the Union army make for the campaign as they moved out?

The Union army prepared by taking ten days’ worth of rations, forage, and ammunition. Each soldier carried three days’ rations in haversacks and fifty rounds of cartridges on their person. The army also drove cattle to butcher as needed during the campaign.

3. What challenges did the Union troops face as they advanced into the Wilderness on their way to Richmond?

The Union troops faced significant challenges including narrow and poorly maintained roads, a densely wooded landscape that made movement difficult, and the destruction of all bridges by Confederate forces prior to the arrival of Union troops. The woods' dense cover made it hard for infantry to maneuver effectively.

4. Describe the significance of the cavalry's role during this phase of the campaign.

The cavalry played a crucial role in the campaign by securing crossings over the Rapidan River and driving Confederate pickets away, which enabled the infantry to cross successfully without opposition. Their speed and maneuvers were essential for ensuring that units were in position to meet the enemy and for scouting ahead to provide intelligence about Confederate movements.

5. How did General Grant assess the outcomes after the battles fought during the campaign leading up to the crossing of the James River?

General Grant assessed that while the Union army suffered significant losses during the battles in the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, they achieved important strategic advantages such as successfully crossing the Rapidan and assembling the army. He considered the ability to coordinate movements better than the Confederates as a sign of potential success despite the high casualty rates.

1. What were the key objectives of Sheridan's raids during the campaign in Virginia Central Railroad and Weldon Railroad as described in Chapter 7?

The key objectives of Sheridan's raids were to destroy as much of the Virginia Central Railroad and the Weldon Railroad as possible, thereby crippling the Confederate supply lines. Sheridan was given specific instructions to engage with General Hunter, who was operating successfully in the Shenandoah Valley, and to cause disruptions that would aid the Union forces by diminishing the resources available to General Lee's army.

2. Explain the circumstances that led to General Hunter's retreat from before Lynchburg, as discussed in the chapter.

General Hunter was forced to retreat from before Lynchburg due to a lack of ammunition, which severely hampered his ability to engage the Confederates in battle. After facing skirmishes and realizing that Lee had sent reinforcements to defend the city, Hunter decided to withdraw, finding it necessary to retreat via the Kanawha and Gauley Rivers to the Ohio River, which ultimately delayed his return to Harper's Ferry.

3. What was the significance of the mine explosion before Petersburg mentioned in Chapter 7, and what were the subsequent results?

The mine explosion before Petersburg on July 30, 1864, was intended to create a breach in the Confederate lines that Union forces could exploit for a major offensive. However, the operation turned into a significant failure because the assaulting Union troops did not advance effectively into the crater created by the explosion. Command issues, particularly the choice of division commanders and failure to push forward immediately, led to heavy casualties for the Union and a lost opportunity to capture a critical position.

4. How did General Grant respond to the threat posed by Early’s movement on Washington, and what was the outcome of that situation?

In response to General Early's movement towards Washington, Grant directed General Meade to send reinforcements to the capital and ordered Wright's corps to move directly to Washington. This timely reinforcement allowed General Lew Wallace, who was in command in the absence of Hunter, to take a defensive stance, resulting in a delay of Early’s advance at the Battle of Monocacy. Ultimately, when Early reached Washington, he found strong defenses in place, which prevented his forces from mounting an effective attack and resulted in his retreat.

5. What tactics and strategies did Grant implement to cut off Lee's supplies and reinforce Union positions during the operations described in Chapter 7?

Grant implemented several tactics to cut off Lee's supplies, including the strategic raiding of railroads and conducting comprehensive assaults to take control of critical supply lines. For example, the capture of the Weldon Railroad severely restricted Lee's ability to receive supplies from the South. Grant also sent combined forces under Sheridan to disrupt operations in the Shenandoah Valley, ensuring the Confederates were pressured on multiple fronts without sufficient reinforcements. The coordinated movements of the Union cavalry and infantry aimed to create a ripple effect of attrition in Lee's supply chain and defensive positions.

1. What was Grant's initial strategy upon entering Petersburg with General Meade?

Grant and Meade entered Petersburg on April 3rd, 1865, and took a position behind the cover of a house to protect themselves from Confederate musket fire. Grant believed Lee was trying to escape and did not want to use artillery against a mass of defeated soldiers; instead, his plan was to pursue Lee immediately, aiming to cut him off from fleeing further into fortified positions.

2. What information did the engineer from the Army of Northern Virginia provide to Grant and Meade, and how did it affect their strategy?

The engineer claimed that Lee was preparing a strong defensive position at Amelia Court House and was moving his troops back from Richmond. This information led Meade to suggest crossing the Appomattox River to engage Lee immediately. However, Grant, skeptical of the engineer's advice, preferred to outmaneuver Lee rather than follow him, believing it more important to cut off Lee's retreat along the Danville Road.

3. How did the Army of the Potomac react to following the victory at Petersburg?

The morale of the Army of the Potomac improved significantly after capturing Petersburg. The troops were eager to pursue Lee and demonstrated a strong determination to continue the fight without hesitation or straggling, as they were now chasing the prospect of victory. Grant noted that both officers and men were motivated to advance quickly, prioritizing the capture of the Confederate army.

4. What did Grant and Lincoln discuss during Lincoln's visit after the capture of Petersburg?

During Lincoln's visit, he expressed his congratulatory sentiments for the successful capture of Petersburg and remarked that he had suspected Grant was planning a significant move. Grant communicated his intent for the Eastern armies to vanquish Lee’s forces, as the Western armies had already achieved significant territorial victories. They discussed concerns about political credit for the victory and emphasized their goal of uniting efforts against Lee's army.

5. What was the outcome of the exchanges and events following the surrender of Lee’s army at Appomattox?

After Lee's surrender, which Grant facilitated through written terms outlining the conditions, the Confederates were allowed to return home, keeping their horses for their personal use. This act was intended to soften their defeat and encourage reconciliation. In subsequent communications, Grant expressed his concern over the treatment of Southern states during Reconstruction and predicted that Lincoln's assassination would complicate efforts to restore national unity.